A Narrative Review of Malaysian Political Leadership: Analysing the MADANI Framework Through Psychological Leadership Styles

Abstract

This narrative review explores the intersection between the Malaysian MADANI framework and psychological leadership theories within the context of Malaysian political leadership. The study aims to examine how transformational and transactional leadership models correspond with the ethical and governance principles embedded in the MADANI agenda introduced by Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim. The review identifies that MADANI, grounded in values such as Ihsan (compassion), Adl (justice), Hormat (respect), and Keyakinan (trust), seeks to institutionalise an Islamic-based model of governance that emphasises moral integrity, social inclusivity, and visionary leadership. Drawing on peer-reviewed literature, policy documents, and empirical studies published between 2010 and 2025, the review integrates Islamic psychology with Western leadership frameworks through a thematic synthesis approach.

The methodology followed a narrative review design guided by PRISMA principles to ensure systematic identification, screening, and inclusion of relevant studies across four major databases: Web of Science, PsycINFO, Islamic Studies Database, and Google Scholar. The analysis applied the Islamic–Psychological Research Integration Framework, comprising five phases: Identification, Evaluation, Integration, Validation, and Application. Findings reveal that transformational leadership’s components align closely with the MADANI principles of exemplary conduct (Qudwah Hasanah), wisdom (Hikmah), and social accountability (Hisbah). Similarly, transactional leadership traits such as contingent reward and management-by-exception resonate with Islamic values of justice (Adl) and accountability.

The results demonstrate five major themes: (i) the convergence of moral and performance-based leadership ideals; (ii) spirituality as a motivational foundation; (iii) the adaptability of Western leadership theories within Islamic epistemology; (iv) the significance of ethical governance for political legitimacy; and (v) the practical utility of MADANI values in policy communication and institutional reform. However, the study acknowledges limitations, particularly the exclusion of Malay-language sources and the conceptual nature of the synthesis without empirical validation. Overall, the review affirms that integrating Islamic psychology with leadership theory under the MADANI framework provides a culturally grounded and ethically coherent model for contemporary Malaysian governance.